Tag Archives: marine motor

China Best Sales Wpa Series Electric Motor Marine Gearbox supplier

Merchandise Description

HC-series marine gearbox self-developed by the company is of energy ranging 10kW~3000kW, ratio ranging 1.5~20:1, complete in specs, high market share, widely utilised in heavy loaded ships this sort of as transportation, fishing and engineering boats. Solution design and manufacturing ability are in foremost nationally and sophisticated internationally amount.

Merchandise Description

HangZhou ADVANCE  Gearbox

 

 

 

Product Parameters

Enter Speed  1000~2500r/min
Reduction Ratio (i) one.48,1.ninety four,2.45 Transmission Capability (kW/r/min) .one
two.96 .09
three.35 .08
Maneuver Type   Push-pull adaptable Shaft, Electric control
Middle Distance  180mm
Rated Thrust  25KN
L×W×H  432*440*650mm
Internet W8  225kg
Coupling Flywheel  6135Ca,SAE14/11.five
Coupling Housing  6135Ca,SAE1/2/three

Product Configuration

Customize YOUR Device

Oil Pressure Gauge and CZPT Gadget

Oil Temperature Gauge and CZPT Unit

SAE Flywheel Housing Choices

Hydraulic Force Reduced CZPT

Solenoid Managed Swap

…….

 

Make contact with US FOR Far more Information YOU Need to have!

 

Certifications

 

Creation process

 

Firm Profile

 

HangZhou LionHeart Electricity Gear Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of 1 of the nation’s prime maritime providers firm —- HangZhou Agricultural Equipment Co., Ltd., is a service provider of marine gear throughout the world. Our company is committed to delivering the best remedy to our customer’s project given that 1996. With above twenty several years of profound encounter in the marine providers sector, our firm has set up a professional and buyer-pleasant method in our every single pre-revenue, shipping and delivery and following-income approach to guarantee your fear-free of charge shopping experience. We ship our manufacturer-new products all over the entire world, at the greatest costs on the World wide web.

LionHeart Energy is a specialist supplier for products like maritime engines, generators, gearboxes, propellers, marine inside fit-out, deck equipment and related marine spare components. Our processes and procedures are designed to current the excellent item that will meet up with or CZPT the expectations of every single 1 of our buyers. We again up that dedication with comprehensive companies by way of the product’s entire daily life cycle, alongside with our important systems and foremost item knowledge. That is the purpose why we stand out as the nation’s maritime tools income champion of multiple makes for more than ten consecutive several years.

LionHeart Electricity carries 1 of the nation’s biggest inventories of marine tools and connected parts from twenty+ producers these kinds of as Weichai, HangZhou Advance, Deutz, Steyr, Zichai, SDEC and a lot more, between which the CZPT and CZPT series are totally covered. Exclusively, that stock is meticulously structured over 57 acres outside and 118, 000 sq. FT. Of warehouse below roof. That signifies our products are generally in inventory for fast availability. Besides, we are very pleased of our resource plHangZhou system of goods, which is unparalleled in the business, giving you the shortest direct time and efficient services.

LionHeart Power’s personnel is expertly qualified not only to rapidly identify the items you might be looking for, but also to meet up with your task requirements with the best solution. If what you are searching for is not ‘on the shelf’, we will customize it for you. This strength builds on our strong partnership with various companies and production institutes. Effectiveness and services are the targets of each member of our firm. LionHeart Energy is aware your time is beneficial and we generate this benefit for you. Quality tools and expertly-trained service professionals, mixed with our ex10sive inventory, give you the edge in your business and industrial success.
 

Packaging & Shipping

 

FAQ

 

1.Processing
Orders are usually packed and completely ready to ship in 1 to 3 company days if the products are in stock.  However shipments are subiect to essential manufacturing time and customs clearance procedures. which can lead to delays over and above original supply estimates. For detailed delivery info, make sure you get in touch with buyer provider. 
two.Packing Strategies
Usually we use picket containers for packaging or we can pack it according to your special needs. 
3.Shipping Methods
We are content to provide a range of delivery methods. Shipping strategies accessible: EXW. FOB.CER. CIF.
4. International Returns & Exchanges
Sadly we are unable to acknowledge retums on intemational orders. We will take a look at each merchandise ahead of dellverv A single-year manufacturer warranty is quaranteed on our comprehensive devices and 3 months on spare elements. I1 you have any worries with your buy, you should attain out to customer provider
five.Payment Strategies
We sugqest 50/fifty T/T payment method: fifty p.c down payment on placement of the purchase, with the remaining fifty% owing upon cargo. We also acknowledge L/C, Trade Assurance, Visa transfer and Paypal 
 

 

Gearboxes are mechanical units that aid push methods maintain ideal velocity and torque for applications. Also identified as gearboxes and equipment drives, they decrease the rotational speed of the enter shaft by a particular share and increase the power sent to the output shaft by the exact same proportion. Ratio multipliers enhance the deceleration and torque presented by the reducer by a certain ratio and are suited for parallel installations. Mounting bases, torque arms and flange couplings are components employed with the reducer. They are typically used in purposes exactly where the reducer is not directly related to the generate system.
Underneath is a checklist of our at the moment available industrial gearboxes. If you can not uncover what you are looking for, make sure you get in touch with the factory for a lot more possibilities. At EP, we are consistently developing new merchandise and retrofitting previous types to meet up with client demands.

China Best Sales Wpa Series Electric Motor Marine Gearbox     supplier

China Free Design Custom CZPT Jd400/J400/Jt400A L Hangzhou Small Diesel CZPT Transmission Motor Marine Gearbox OEM

Item Description

 

Scorching Sales

Solution Description

 

 

China CZPT JD400/J400/JT400A  l HangZhou small  diesel CZPT marine and gearbox

 

Info of J400A / JD400A / JT400A

J400 Modle

Housing:SAE 0.1 Flange:14″,16″,18″
LWH 713×950×890mm Net :820kgs
Nominal coefficient Accurate coefficient Ratio (horsepower/r/m)
two:01 two.042:1 .45
2.5:1 2.476:1 .45
three:01 three.000:1 .45
three.5:one three.474:1 .forty five
four:01 three.491:1 .38
five:01 4.730:1 .twenty five

 

 JD400 Modle

Housing:SAE 0.1 Flange:fourteen”,16″,18″
LWH 801×1571×1066mm Net :1050kgs
Nominal coefficient Accurate coefficient Ratio (horsepower/r/m)
four:01 4.000:1 .forty five
4.3:1 four.227:1 .45
four.5:1 4.476:one .45
4.7:one 4.seven hundred:1 .forty five
5:01 5.000:one .forty five
five.5:one five.474:1 .4
six:01 five.890:one .38

 

JT400

Housing:SAE 0.one  Flange:fourteen”,16″,18″
LWH 832×1052×1160mm Net :1300kgs
Nominal coefficient Accurate coefficient Ratio (horsepower/r/m)
6:01 six.108:1 .forty five
6.5:one six.513:one .45
7:01 six.957:one .forty five
7.5:1 7.445:one .forty five
8:01 7.950:one .415
eight.5:1 8.526:one .385
nine:01 nine:01 .36
nine.5:1 9.474:1 .333

 

 

 

We are seasoned transmission dealers and provide a wide variety of transmissions, an vital component of numerous generate techniques. Gearboxes can be employed to minimize or enhance speed, enhance torque, reverse or modify the direction of a drive shaft. Gearboxes are also known as equipment drives, pace reducers, equipment motors, speed reducers and gear reducers.
Gearboxes and reducers are enclosed mechanical reduction devices typically employed in today’s automated manage programs to command torque from your motors and complete other motion-associated tasks. A gearbox permits you to boost torque although minimizing the speed of your primary mover output shaft. The output shaft of the gearbox rotates at a slower pace than the enter shaft. This creates a mechanical edge, rising torque. Conversely, your gearbox can be set in reverse, offering elevated shaft velocity and lowered torque. Two typical transmission configurations are straight and right angle. On the internet designs generally consist of helical or spur gears, planetary gears, cycloidal mechanisms, or harmonic turbines. Appropriate-angle designs usually use worm or helical gear drives, however, hybrid drives are also offered. Gearmotors blend an enclosed equipment established with an electric powered motor to increase torque and efficiency whilst decreasing speed. Whilst extra friction, inertia, or sharp load adjustments for limited-time period operation of the actuator can cause issues, they provide a long operating lifestyle by avoiding overloading. Various equipment ratios, speeds and torques are offered to support enhance overall performance and decrease prospective issues. Look through to locate the proper gearbox and reducer for your automation task.

China Free Design Custom CZPT Jd400/J400/Jt400A L Hangzhou Small Diesel CZPT Transmission Motor Marine Gearbox     OEM

China Free Design Custom Motor Gearbox Used Planetary Airsoft Speed Increasing CZPT 300 Marine Washing Machine Small Mower Gearboxes Motorcycle Stainless Steel 90 Degree Standard

Item Description

     motor gearbox utilised planetary airsoft velocity increasing CZPT three hundred marine               washing equipment small mower gearboxes bike stainless metal ninety degree 

These compact, light-weight, reduced backlash inline gear reducers have been at first made for encoder applications. They are also ideal for a lot of other push systems. Encoder equipment reducers have a very reduced instant of inertia at the shaft input and are rated for enter speeds up to 3000 rpm. Two frame dimensions are accessible with gear ratios from 4.ninety six:1 to 3600:1. Our encoder gearbox sync pads are offered from inventory.
The term “gearbox” is utilised to refer to any device that connects a motor to a device and is composed of a sequence of gears, also identified as a equipment set. It gets the major enter pace from the motor and alterations it to a various output speed making use of its gears. Distinct sorts and combinations of gears serve particular needs. The varieties of gears identified in gearboxes incorporate spur gears, bevel gears, helical gears, helical gears and worm gears. The performance efficiency of a gearbox is represented by the gearbox ratio, which is the ratio of the velocity of the input resource to the pace of the output source

China Free Design Custom Motor Gearbox Used Planetary Airsoft Speed Increasing CZPT 300 Marine Washing Machine Small Mower Gearboxes Motorcycle Stainless Steel 90 Degree     Standard

China Standard Motor Gearbox Used Planetary Airsoft Speed Increasing CZPT 300 Marine LG Washing Machine Small Mower Gearboxes Motorcycle Stainless Steel 90 Degree Free Design Custom

Merchandise Description

motor gearbox utilized planetary airsoft velocity escalating CZPT three hundred maritime lg washing device tiny mower gearboxes motorbike stainless metal ninety degree 

Gearboxes can be utilised in numerous fields of thorough processing, agriculture, chemical processing, oil and gas, electricity transmission and distribution systems, logistics, warehousing and other industries. Gear reducers are usually employed the place greater torque and/or reduced rotational speeds are needed, or if power wants to be transmitted at alternating angles, these kinds of as in proper-angle motors. It can also adjust the route of rotation, as properly as clockwise and counterclockwise. EP delivers a complete assortment of equipment reducers with correct angle worms and higher efficiency alternatives. Electric Gear Aluminum items are a light-weight and tough substitute to today’s cast iron and metal types and can be stocked or custom made made to your exact specifications. EP gearboxes are lightweight and durable, aluminum worm gearboxes are developed for limited spaces, such as difficult-to-install OEM styles as properly as cell gear. Eccentric reducers are available as compact aluminum or cast iron inline reducers with seal life scores from 15HP (aluminum) to 40HP (cast iron). In addition to our normal and modified common products, our engineers will work with you to design and style and build custom solutions for a number of drive systems to suit your application needs.
Beneath is a record of our currently offered industrial gearboxes. If you cannot discover what you are searching for, please speak to the manufacturing facility for much more alternatives. At EP, we are consistently building new items and retrofitting old types to fulfill buyer requirements.

China Standard Motor Gearbox Used Planetary Airsoft Speed Increasing CZPT 300 Marine LG Washing Machine Small Mower Gearboxes Motorcycle Stainless Steel 90 Degree     Free Design Custom

China factory Motor Gearbox Marine CZPT Single Stage High Rpm Airsoft Small Brush Cutters Gear Forward Reverse Planetary Manual Marine Stainless Steel Transmission near me shop

Item Description

   Motor gearbox maritime CZPT one phase substantial rpm airsoft small brush cutters                equipment ahead reverse planetary handbook marine stainless steel transmission

Right angle gearboxes (worm and planetary gears) are strong and can be utilised for 90° turns. An inline reducer (parallel shaft and planetary) is an perfect matching motor with large enter speeds, or when equipment motor efficiency is important. Make contact with our complex income personnel to assist establish which transmission remedy is ideal for you.
When hunting at a reducer vs a gearbox, frequently the only distinction is terminology. This is because all reducers are gearboxes. Even so, not all gearboxes are retarders. This might sound complex, but it is really fairly simple. A reducer is a equipment established amongst the motor and the machine. The goal of the reducer is to lessen the rotational pace transferred among these two endpoints. The reducer amplifies and multiplies the torque (input) produced by the motor. 2nd, a reducer, as the title indicates, decreases the speed of the enter (output in rpm) so that the output is the right velocity. The term “gearbox” is just a generic phrase employed for the equipment practice in between the motor and the equipment. For that reason, all reducers are gearboxes. Nonetheless, not all gearboxes decrease enter pace. Though unusual, gearboxes can really increase input speeds. By far the most widespread kind of gearbox is a retarder, but it would be incorrect to say that all gearboxes are retarders.

China factory Motor Gearbox Marine CZPT Single Stage High Rpm Airsoft Small Brush Cutters Gear Forward Reverse Planetary Manual Marine Stainless Steel Transmission     near me shop

China Good quality Motor Gearbox Marine CZPT Single Stage High Rpm Airsoft Small Brush Cutters Gear Forward Reverse Planetary Manual Marine Stainless Steel Transmission Good quality

Merchandise Description

 Motor gearbox marine CZPT single phase high rpm airsoft tiny brush cutters gear              forward reverse planetary manual marine stainless steel transmission

Proper angle gearboxes (worm and planetary gears) are sturdy and can be utilized for 90° turns. An inline reducer (parallel shaft and planetary) is an best matching motor with high enter speeds, or when equipment motor effectiveness is critical. Make contact with our specialized income workers to help determine which transmission solution is best for you.
Planetary gearboxes are utilized in a variety of events the place substantial performance and substantial reduction ratio are necessary in a tiny room. Featuring high precision and large torque-to-quantity ratio, it is perfect for torque increase, deceleration, specific positioning and handle of regenerative equipment. To ensure that the selected planetary gearbox is the greatest in shape for your software, it is important to think about parameters such as torque, backlash and gear ratios when picking a planetary gearbox.

China Good quality Motor Gearbox Marine CZPT Single Stage High Rpm Airsoft Small Brush Cutters Gear Forward Reverse Planetary Manual Marine Stainless Steel Transmission     Good quality

China supplier Transmission Gearbox Used DC Motor Prices Speed Reducer Worm Planetary Marine Bearing Tiller Buy Small Bevel Forward Reverse Gearboxes factory

Product Description

     Transmission Gearbox Employed DC Motor Rates Speed Reducer Worm Planetary Maritime Bearing Tiller  Buy Modest Bevel Ahead Reverse Gearboxes

The term “gearbox” is utilized to refer to any unit that connects a motor to a device and is made up of a series of gears, also recognized as a equipment set. It gets the main enter pace from the motor and adjustments it to a distinct output velocity using its gears. Various varieties and combinations of gears serve distinct reasons. The varieties of gears found in gearboxes incorporate spur gears, bevel gears, helical gears, helical gears and worm gears. The overall performance efficiency of a gearbox is represented by the gearbox ratio, which is the ratio of the velocity of the input resource to the velocity of the output supply
Equipment reducers, also referred to as reducers, occur in many transmission styles and are created to multiply torque and decrease enter velocity to a desired output velocity. The major advantage of inline gearboxes is their capacity to preserve management in apps involving higher rotational speeds. Their effectiveness and capacity to supply substantial enter speeds with minimum backlash make inline reducer gearboxes best for a broad range of movement handle applications

China supplier Transmission Gearbox Used DC Motor Prices Speed Reducer Worm Planetary Marine Bearing Tiller Buy Small Bevel Forward Reverse Gearboxes     factory

China high quality High Rpm Gearbox Reduction Slew Drive Servo Motor Rear Wheel Rotary Tiller Small Marine Diesel Engine Motorcycle Speed Increasing near me shop

Merchandise Description

High Rpm Gearbox Reduction Slew Push Servo Motor Rear Wheel Rotary Tiller Little Maritime Diesel Motor Bike Pace Escalating

Quick Details:

Kind: XB series Cycloidal Pin Wheel Pace Reducer    

Input Velocity: 1000-1500rmp   

Output Speed: .3-280rpm

Certification: ISO9001 CE          

Ex Electrical power:.09-132KW                  

Warranty: 1Years

Equipment reducers, also named reducers, occur in several transmission variations and are made to multiply torque and decrease enter velocity to a preferred output velocity. The major reward of inline gearboxes is their potential to keep manage in apps involving substantial rotational speeds. Their performance and capacity to give high enter speeds with minimum backlash make inline reducer gearboxes ideal for a vast range of movement manage applications
Equipment reducers, also referred to as reducers, arrive in several transmission variations and are created to multiply torque and decrease input velocity to a desired output pace. The main benefit of inline gearboxes is their potential to sustain control in programs involving high rotational speeds. Their effectiveness and capacity to supply substantial enter speeds with minimum backlash make inline reducer gearboxes ideal for a extensive range of movement manage purposes

China high quality High Rpm Gearbox Reduction Slew Drive Servo Motor Rear Wheel Rotary Tiller Small Marine Diesel Engine Motorcycle Speed Increasing     near me shop

China supplier Roll Forming Machine Worm Reduction Motor Supply Marine Gearbox near me shop

Merchandise Description

 

Very hot Revenue

Solution Description

Roll forming device worm reduction industrial d300 boat comer brushless dc motor supply marine gearbox

Feature Oil pump rotating 180 degree can change the input direction
Housing:SAE 0.1  Flange::fourteen”,16″,18″
L×W×H     N.W.
  three hundred 910×800×1080mm 700kg
  D300A 910×855×1225mm 940kg
  Nominal coefficient Accurate coefficient

Ratio 

(horsepower/r/m)(300)

Ratio 

(horsepower/r/m)(J300)

300 2:01 two.04:one .35 .forty two
  2.5:1 2.fifty four:1 .35 .forty two
  3:01 three.:one .33 .396
  3.5:one 3.fifty three:one .three .36
  4:01 four.ten:one .25 .three
D300A 4:01 4.00:one .35  
  four.5:one 4.forty eight:1 .33  
  five:01 five.05:1 .three  
  five.5:1 five.52:1 .twenty five  
  6:01 five.90:one .twenty five  
  6.5:one 6.56:one .2  
  seven:01 seven.06:one .two  
  seven.5:one 7.63:1 .17  

Recommended engine: 

CUMMINS VTA28-MCAT 3412TAGARDNER 6LYT1

DETROIT 12V92TABAUDOUIN 12P15.2S DAUHATSU M5S

 

 

Benefit Goods

 

Company Profile

 

Packaging & Transport

 

Contact us

 

We are skilled transmission dealers and supply a extensive selection of transmissions, an vital element of numerous travel systems. Gearboxes can be utilised to lessen or boost velocity, increase torque, reverse or adjust the route of a travel shaft. Gearboxes are also recognized as gear drives, velocity reducers, gear motors, velocity reducers and equipment reducers.
Gear reducers, also referred to as reducers, come in many transmission types and are made to multiply torque and minimize enter velocity to a wanted output velocity. The main advantage of inline gearboxes is their capability to keep handle in programs involving higher rotational speeds. Their efficiency and ability to give higher enter speeds with minimal backlash make inline reducer gearboxes excellent for a vast selection of motion control applications

China supplier Roll Forming Machine Worm Reduction Motor Supply Marine Gearbox     near me shop

China factory Best Price Wpa Series Electric Motor Marine Gearbox Standard

Product Description

HC-series maritime gearbox self-designed by the business is of energy ranging 10kW~3000kW, ratio ranging 1.5~twenty:1, comprehensive in requirements, high marketplace share, commonly utilised in large loaded ships this kind of as transportation, fishing and engineering boats. Solution style and manufacturing capacity are in major nationally and superior internationally level.

Product Description

HangZhou ADVANCE  Gearbox

 

 

 

Merchandise Parameters

Input Speed  1000~2500r/min
Reduction Ratio (i) 1.48,1.ninety four,2.forty five Transmission Capability (kW/r/min) .one
two.96 .09
3.35 .08
Maneuver Type   Push-pull flexible Shaft, Electric control
Centre Distance  180mm
Rated Thrust  25KN
L×W×H  432*440*650mm
Internet Weight  225kg
CZPT Flywheel  6135Ca,SAE14/eleven.5
CZPT Housing  6135Ca,SAE1/2/3

Product Configuration

Customise YOUR Device

Oil Pressure Gauge and CZPT Unit

Oil Temperature Gauge and CZPT Gadget

SAE Flywheel Housing Alternatives

Hydraulic Pressure Low CZPT

Solenoid Managed Switch

…….

 

Contact US FOR More Details YOU Require!

 

Certifications

 

Generation procedure

 

Company Profile

 

HangZhou LionHeart Energy Equipment Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of one particular of the nation’s leading marine solutions firm —- HangZhou Agricultural Equipment Co., Ltd., is a service provider of maritime products worldwide. Our company is committed to delivering the best answer to our customer’s venture given that 1996. With more than twenty years of profound expertise in the marine solutions industry, our business has set up a skilled and client-helpful program in our every pre-income, transport and right after-product sales method to make sure your be concerned-cost-free shopping expertise. We ship our brand-new products all in excess of the globe, at the best prices on the Internet.

LionHeart Electricity is a expert supplier for equipment like marine engines, generators, gearboxes, propellers, marine inside in shape-out, deck equipment and connected marine spare components. Our procedures and processes are developed to present the ideal solution that will fulfill or exceed the expectations of each 1 of our buyers. We again up that commitment with thorough companies by way of the product’s complete existence cycle, together with our essential techCZPT and foremost solution knowledge. That is the explanation why we stand out as the nation’s maritime gear revenue winner of multiple brand names for above ten consecutive several years.

LionHeart Power carries a single of the nation’s biggest inventories of maritime gear and relevant components from twenty+ manufacturers such as Weichai, HangZhou Progress, Deutz, Steyr, Zichai, SDEC and more, amongst which the CZPT and Advance collection are totally coated. Especially, that stock is meticulously structured in excess of 57 acres outdoors and 118, 000 sq. FT. Of warehouse underneath roof. That means our goods are typically in stock for quick availability. Apart from, we are very pleased of our source plHangZhou method of goods, which is unparalleled in the business, supplying you the shortest lead time and productive services.

LionHeart Power’s personnel is expertly qualified not only to rapidly identify the merchandise you might be looking for, but also to fulfill your venture demands with the very best remedy. If what you are seeking for is not ‘on the shelf’, we will customize it for you. This sCZPT builds CZPT our solid partnership with numerous companies and production institutes. Performance and provider are the objectives of every mCZPT of our business. LionHeart Energy understands your time is beneficial and we generate this price for you. Top quality products and expertly-qualified provider experts, combined with our comprehensive inventory, give you the edge in your professional and industrial success.
 

Packaging & Shipping

 

FAQ

 

one.Processing
Orders are usually packed and prepared to ship in 1 to 3 business times if the merchandise are in stock.  However shipments are subiect to essential producing time and customs clearance processes. which can trigger delays outside of original shipping and delivery estimates. For in depth shipping and delivery info, make sure you contact client provider. 
2.Packing Approaches
Generally we use wooden packing containers for packaging or we can pack it according to your unique demands. 
3.Shipping Strategies
We are happy to provide a variety of delivery methods. Shipping techniques offered: EXW. FOB.CER. CIF.
four. International Returns & Exchanges
However we are unable to accept retums on intemational orders. We will test every item ahead of dellverv One particular-yr company warranty is quaranteed on our comprehensive devices and 3 months on spare parts. I1 you have any worries with your get, make sure you reach out to consumer service
5.Payment Methods
We sugqest fifty/fifty T/T payment technique: 50 per cent down payment on placement of the order, with the remaining fifty% owing CZPT cargo. We also settle for L/C, Trade Assurance, Visa transfer and Paypal 
 

 

Gearboxes are mechanical devices that help travel systems sustain ideal pace and torque for applications. Also acknowledged as gearboxes and gear drives, they lessen the rotational velocity of the enter shaft by a particular percentage and boost the power sent to the output shaft by the exact same percentage. Ratio multipliers improve the deceleration and torque presented by the reducer by a certain ratio and are suitable for parallel installations. Mounting bases, torque arms and flange couplings are add-ons used with the reducer. They are generally utilized in purposes in which the reducer is not immediately connected to the travel mechanism.

China factory Best Price Wpa Series Electric Motor Marine Gearbox     Standard